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Separate households will not be allowed to meet indoors in Greater Manchester, East Lancashire and parts of West Yorkshire from midnight, the government has announced.
Health Secretary Matt Hancock said an "increasing rate of transmission" had been identified in those areas.
He said the rise was "largely due" to people not following social distancing.
MPs have called for the government to provide clarity over what the new restrictions will mean.
In Leicester, where a local lockdown has been in place since last month, the same restrictions will also apply, Mr Hancock added.
But pubs, restaurants and some other facilities will be allowed to reopen from Monday, as some of the stricter measures are lifted.
Millions of people in Greater Manchester, Blackburn with Darwen, Burnley, Hyndburn, Pendle, Rossendale, Bradford, Calderdale and Kirklees will be affected by the tightening of restrictions.
It is unclear whether the rules will also apply to pubs, restaurants, private gardens and places of worship.
It comes nearly four weeks after restrictions were eased and people were allowed to meet indoors.
Labour leader Keir Starmer said there was a "need for urgent clarity and explanation from the government" regarding the restrictions.
He tweeted that announcing measures "affecting potentially millions of people late at night on Twitter is a new low for the government's communications during this crisis".
The government always warned it would slam on the brakes if it had to.
Now it has - on an unprecedented scale, with two-and-a-half hours notice.
Liberties recently returned, almost instantly snatched away.
And snatched with a rebuke from the health secretary for England - Matt Hancock - who repeatedly said this was necessary because some in the areas affected had failed to stick to social distancing rules.
I'm told the change comes without a time limit, but will be reviewed every week.
And don't be surprised if the government, from the prime minister down, make the case that this could happen elsewhere too if people are cavalier about the rules.
And yet, in Leicester, the local, more severe restrictions imposed there are to be eased.
The baby steps back towards normality are going to be hesitant and faltering; messy in their detail and messy in their geography.
The virus has robbed us of many things.
It continues to rob us of any certainty.
Andy Burnham, the mayor of Greater Manchester - a city with a population of about 2.8m - said there had been a "marked change in the picture" with regard to the spread of Covid-19 in the area.
"We have gone from a falling rate of cases in nearly all of our boroughs last week to a rising rate in nine out of 10 affecting communities across a much wider geography," he said. "In Rochdale, the one borough where cases have fallen, they are still too high."
He said all residents "young and old alike" should "protect each other" by observing the requirements, which will be reviewed weekly.
This means "the more we stick to them, the quicker they will be removed", he said.
"This is a place which prides itself on looking out for each other. We now need to be true to that by not acting selfishly and keeping the health of others in mind at all times."
Jonathan Reynolds, shadow secretary for work and pensions and an MP in the Greater Manchester area, said the figures were showing an increase in infections including in Tameside where positive tests per 100,000 population has gone from 4.9 to 16.3.
BBC News correspondent Judith Moritz said the government's announcement was "a shock" but the data had been "pointing this way for some time".
She said residents "will find it hard to deal with" especially those with a significant Muslim population looking to celebrate Eid on Friday.
The restrictions are not as strict as those that were imposed in Leicester, she said, but Thursday's announcement covers a much greater area.
Leicester introduced a strict local lockdown at the beginning of July because the city's seven-day infection rate had risen to 135 cases per 100,000 people. It has since fallen and the lockdown was lifted for some suburbs of the city.
'Impact on Eid'
Labour's MP for Oldham, in Greater Manchester, and shadow transport minister Jim McMahon called for more clarity over what the government was doing to support those in areas affected by new lockdown restrictions.
"On the face of it, for Oldham borough residents this is the same restriction announced already this week, replicated in further areas," he tweeted.
Labour MP for Manchester Central Lucy Powell tweeted: "Trying to get further information about this but it seems two households can no longer meet indoors in GM.
"Particular concerns in certain boroughs but restrictions applying across GM."
First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon said the decision to ban households in Greater Manchester, East Lancashire and West Yorkshire from meeting indoors was the "right" one.
She said the UK government was "right to act quickly", adding: "This is a sharp reminder that the threat of this virus is still very real."
Miqdaad Versi, spokesman for the Muslim Council of Britain, said the restrictions were likely to have a "large impact" on Muslim families celebrating Eid on Friday.
"Unclear why such short notice provided but important that this message is cascaded as quickly as possible given it goes live within a few hours," he tweeted.
On Thursday, a further 38 people in the UK died, bringing the total number of Covid-19 associated deaths to 45,999.
And 846 cases were reported - the highest number of cases in a day for a month.
In other developments on Thursday:
- Passengers arriving in the UK from Luxembourg from Friday will have to isolate for 14 days after the country was taken off the quarantine-free list
- People who test positive for coronavirus or show symptoms in the UK must now self-isolate for at least 10 days, rather than seven
- Official analysis shows the UK saw some of the biggest rises in deaths rates in Europe in the months until the middle of June
- 'GUIDED BY SCIENCE': A dangerous gamble with people’s lives or a sound scientific approach?
- I MAY DESTROY YOU: The groundbreaking drama making headlines in lockdown
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2020-07-30 21:52:48Z
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