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Long-awaited plans to close the gap between rich and poor parts of the country have been announced by the government.
The strategy, unveiled by Levelling Up Secretary Michael Gove, will take until 2030 and aims to improve services such as education, broadband and transport.
Boris Johnson put "levelling up" at the heart of the Conservatives' election-winning manifesto in 2019.
But Labour said the plans contained no new money and little fresh thinking.
The launch of the strategy sees the government try to return to its key policy agenda after weeks of pressure on the prime minister over reports of parties held at Downing Street during lockdown restrictions.
The government has previously launched a number of schemes aimed at boosting regional development - but has faced claims the policy lacks definition.
At the heart of the strategy is a plan to create more regional mayors, such as existing posts like Labour's Andy Burnham in Greater Manchester, or the Conservative's Andy Street in the West Midlands and Ben Houchen in Tees Valley.
Every part of England would have access to "London-style" powers and a mayor if they want it, according to the levelling-up strategy.
Mr Gove's plans would bring all existing initiatives together into 12 "national missions" and set up a system for measuring progress.
Among the 12 missions are promises to refocus education spending on disadvantaged parts of the country and eliminate illiteracy and innumeracy; bring the rest of the country's public transport up to London standards, and provide access to 5G broadband for the "large majority" of households.
Derelict urban sites in 20 towns and cities will be targeted for redevelopment, with Sheffield and Wolverhampton the first places selected.
The problem that the government seeks to solve with its 'levelling up' agenda is clear - the fact that the UK is one of the world's most geographically unequal major economies - and that has worsened over the past three decades.
The pledges on spending in the White Paper are rather limited, reflecting the fiscal situation.
There are new commitments beyond the existing Spending Review, for what the PM describes as his "defining mission".
But where a mission such as this has been achieved, for example in post-unification Germany, there have been massive fiscal transfers from rich regions to poor ones approaching one and a half trillion pounds, or £70bn a year.
The stark fact is that GDP per capita in some east German regions now exceeds that in some northern English regions.
The challenge is whether entrenched patterns of economic geography can really be changed without footing a very significant bill?
Read more analysis here.
Many of Mr Gove's missions are existing government policies, with funds already allocated to them, but he says they will be enshrined in law for the first time.
Most of the policies in the White Paper apply to England only, but the government insists levelling up is a UK-wide initiative and it wishes to work with the devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to achieve this.
The plan includes £100m of new government funding for "innovation accelerators" to boost research and development in Greater Manchester, the West Midlands and Glasgow City-Region.
Mr Gove said: "For too long our country has been over-centralised and you've had the elites in London who haven't really understood all of the problems that communities like Grimsby and Cleethorpes face.
"So there's going to be more power for local communities and also the public money, the taxpayers' money the government spends, is going to be spent closer to those communities."
The 12 'levelling up missions' in full
- Increase pay, employment and productivity in all areas of the UK, with each one containing a "globally competitive city"
- Raise public investment in research and development outside the south-east of England by 40%
- Eliminate illiteracy and innumeracy by refocusing education spending on the most disadvantaged parts of the country
- Increase the number of people completing high quality skills training - in England, this will mean 200,000 more people a year
- Bring the rest of the country's public transport up to London standards
- Provide access to 5G broadband for the "large majority" of households
- Create more first-time homebuyers in all areas, and reduce the number of "non-decent rented homes" by 50%
- Narrow the gap of healthy life expectancy between the areas where it is lowest and highest
- Improve "well-being" in every area of the UK
- Increase "pride of place", such as people's satisfaction with their town centre and engagement in local culture and community
- Reduce murder, manslaughter, serious violence and neighbourhood crime, especially in the worst-affected areas
- Give every part of England that wants it a devolution deal with more regional powers and simplified, long-term funding
Labour has set out its own five-point plan for levelling up, including better broadband for towns and villages, action to tackle anti-social behaviour in city centres, and more affordable housing.
For Labour, shadow levelling up secretary Lisa Nandy said: "Ministers have had two-and-a-half years to get this right and all we've been given is more slogans and strategies, with few new ideas."
Meanwhile, a report by the National Audit Office, which scrutinises public spending, has criticised the government for having a "limited" understanding of what has worked well when setting up its programme for regional economic growth.
It said that, by November last year, it had committed £11bn through policies to support the regeneration of towns and communities across the UK for the period from 2020-1 to 2025-6.
NAO head Gareth Davies said: "The Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities has not consistently evaluated its past interventions to stimulate local economies, so it doesn't know whether billions of pounds of public spending has had the impact intended.
"With its focus on levelling up, it is vital that the department puts robust evaluation arrangements in place for its new schemes to promote local growth."
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2022-02-02 07:46:15Z
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