Strikes by Border Force staff at UK airports could go on for months unless the government enters talks over pay, the head of the PCS union has said.
Mark Serwotka said the union had a "mandate" for walkouts up until May.
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said he was "sad" about disruption caused by strikes, but said he had acted "fairly and reasonably" over public sector pay.
Thousands of travellers arriving in the UK had been told to expect delays but so far disruption has been minimal.
On the roads, however, there was "severe congestion" in some areas, according to the AA as the Christmas getaway gathered pace.
It said that rail strikes, which are due to restart on Saturday, had added to the larger number of cars on the road, while accidents on the M1 and a partial closure of the M25 due to flooding had caused major traffic jams.
Around 1,000 Border Force staff - many of whom check passports - are staging the first of a series of strikes from Friday to 26 December and from 28 to 31 December.
Employees are walking out at Heathrow, Gatwick, Manchester, Birmingham, Cardiff and Glasgow airports, as well as the Port of Newhaven. Military personnel and civil servants have been drafted in to cover strikers.
Members of the UK Armed Forces who provide cover for striking public service workers during the Christmas period will receive extra bonus payments for every day they work, the Defence Secretary Ben Wallace has announced.
The Ministry of Defence said each stand-in worker would get a £20 bonus for every day they spend training or deployed during the festive period.
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Mr Serwotka said that any disruption for passengers was an "unfortunate reality" of the strikes but said any anger should be directed at the government, who he claimed had "ignored" the union.
He said the union was raising cash for a strike fund which meant members could "sustain" strikes "for months and after Christmas".
"Not only could it be six months, I think in January what you will see is a huge escalation of this action in the civil service and across the rest of the economy unless the government get around the negotiating table," he said.
Mr Sunak said: "I want to make sure we reduce inflation, part of that is being responsible when it comes to setting public sector pay.
"In the long term it's the right thing for the whole country that we beat inflation."
Separately, a planned 72-hour walkout by Menzies baggage handlers at Heathrow that had been due to start on 29 December has been called off after members of the Unite union voted to accept an improved pay offer.
This will be the busiest Christmas for airports since 2019, and the first without any Covid restrictions in place.
Some 579 flights are due to land at Heathrow on Friday. However, early on Friday, there had been no issues reported at Heathrow, Gatwick or Manchester.
Heathrow, the UK's busiest airport, said passengers on departing flights would be unlikely to be delayed. It said arriving passengers would be able to use passport e-gates as usual, but these cannot be used by all passengers, including children under 12.
Adam Jones, head of passenger operations at Gatwick, said in a worst-case scenario, there would be queues of two hours for passengers arriving at the airport, but added there were no plans to hold people on aircraft.
The Home Office said it had been working to minimise delays for passengers.
Your rights if your flight is cancelled
- If your flight is cancelled, you have the right to either a full refund, or a replacement flight
- If another airline is flying to your destination significantly sooner, or there are other suitable modes of transport available, then you have a right to be booked onto that alternative transport instead
- Your airline has a duty of care to you. For example, it should provide free meals or refreshments, or overnight accommodation if required, if you are delayed at the airport for more than two hours or so
- Several airlines are allowing passengers with flights arriving in the UK on strike days to change their tickets free of charge
- Strike action, or bad weather, are beyond the airline's control, so you are not entitled to extra compensation. That is only paid when it is the airline's fault that you cannot get on a flight, such as overbooking
'I don't know if I'm getting on the flight'
Jasmine O'Donoghue, 25, has been in Costa Rica since 16 November and is due to travel to Heathrow then on to Jersey on 27 December, which is not a strike date.
Nevertheless, she has been advised she should change her flight due to the impact of the strikes on domestic transfers.
"Right now I don't know if I'm getting on the flight, or will change my flight," she said. "It would be nice for my family and my boyfriend if I was at home for New Year after being away for so long."
Aviation data firm Cirium said over the period of the festive strikes, a total of 8,910 flights will arrive, with a capacity of nearly 1.8 million people.
Steve Dann, Border Force chief operating officer, said military personnel and civil servants, "many of whom are sacrificing their Christmases", would "not be able to operate with the same efficiency as our permanent workforce".
Border Force is the latest sector to stage industrial action over pay, jobs and conditions. Other walkouts that are scheduled over the next few days include:
- More than 115,000 postal workers are striking on Friday and Saturday.
- National rail strikes start again from Christmas Eve. There are also localised strikes from smaller unions on days between 23 and 29 December.
- Some National Highways officers are on strike on Friday in London and south-east England.
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2022-12-23 16:46:29Z
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