The PM says the UK will have a "world-beating" tracing system from June, as he was accused of leaving a "huge hole" in the country's coronavirus defences.
Boris Johnson said 25,000 contact tracers, able to track 10,000 new cases a day, would be in place by 1 June.
Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer challenged the PM over the absence of a tracing system since March.
BBC health correspondent Nick Triggle said it was unlikely to be a "fully-functioning perfect system" by then.
Contact tracing is a system used to slow the spread of infectious diseases like coronavirus, and is already being used in Hong Kong, Singapore and Germany.
One method involves the infected person listing all the people with whom they have had prolonged and recent contact, to be tracked down by phone or email.
Another uses a location-tracking mobile app, which identifies people the patient has been in contact with.
The NHS contact tracing app - which is currently being trialled on the Isle of Wight - will be rolled out later, No 10 said.
Speaking at Prime Minister's Questions, Sir Keir asked why there had been "no effective" attempt to trace the contacts of those infected with Covid-19 since 12 March "when tracing was abandoned".
Mr Johnson replied: "We have growing confidence that we will have a test, track and trace operation that will be world-beating and yes, it will be in place by June 1."
He added that 24,000 contact tracers had already been recruited.
The 1 June deadline will also mark the earliest possible date for the gradual reopening of schools and non-essential shops in England.
The government's deputy chief scientific adviser Prof Dame Angela McLean previously said an effective system for tracing new coronavirus cases needed to be in place before lockdown restrictions could be changed.
Do not expect a fully-functioning perfect track-and-trace system to be up-and-running by 1 June.
What will be launched will effectively be a prototype. The app may not be ready by that point, but the army of contract tracers will be available.
Given where we are today (and plenty argue mistakes have been made, which means we are in a weaker position than we should be) this is perhaps understandable.
The government does not have the luxury of testing and piloting this behind the scenes for months to come.
So, the system will have to evolve as it goes.
The question is whether it will be robust enough to provide a track-and-trace service that will work on a basic level and help contain local outbreaks, which of course is vital as we gradually move out of lockdown.
The prime minister's assertion that it will be able to deal with 10,000 new cases a day is interesting.
It sounds a lot. The daily figures suggest there are only a few thousand positive cases a day.
But remember those figures have not been capturing all the infections - until this week when testing was extended to all over-fives eligibility was quite restricted.
However, surveillance data provided by the Office for National Statistics suggests we may well be seeing around that number.
The work that has been done so far is about to be put to the test.
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Health Secretary Matt Hancock said last week a contact tracing app - part of the test, track and trace plan - would be rolled out across England from mid-May, but that has now been pushed back.
Mr Johnson did not mention the app as part of his plan for 1 June. No 10 suggested it would be rolled out later.
The PM also insisted that the UK was now testing more than "virtually every country in Europe", and promised that the system would be stepped up in the next fortnight.
Leading scientist Prof Hugh Pennington said the pledge was "good news" as it was "essential if we're going to go anywhere near getting out of lockdown, opening schools".
"It's taken a long time. As to world-beating, well we've been beaten by quite a few other countries by having such a system running."
He added that contact tracing was "really very labour-intensive work".
On Wednesday, NHS England announced a further 166 people had died after testing positive for coronavirus. In Scotland, another 50 people died as well as 14 in Wales and four in Northern Ireland.
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Also at PMQs, Sir Keir queried whether people were being tested in care homes, after the boss of a body representing care homes in England said on Tuesday that there were problems.
Mr Johnson said 125,000 care home staff have been tested and that the government was "absolutely confident" it would be able to increase testing in care homes and "across the whole of the community".
He added: "And thanks to the hard work of [Health Secretary Matt Hancock] and his teams, we will get up to 200,000 tests in the country by the end of this month."
Sir Keir told the Commons that it should be dropped, saying the Labour Party supported criticism of the fee as a "gross insult" to international healthcare workers.
It comes as the prime minister said the deaths of 181 NHS workers and 131 social care workers had reportedly involved Covid-19.
In other developments:
- Mr Johnson also rejected calls to scrap the fees that overseas health workers have to pay to use the NHS
- At least 11 councils have expressed safety concerns over the government's plan to reopen English primary schools to some pupils on 1 June
- Derby-based firm Rolls-Royce, which makes plane engines, has said it will cut 9,000 jobs because of the coronavirus crisis hitting the airline industry
- War veteran Captain Tom Moore who raised £32m for NHS charities has said he is "overawed" after finding out he will receive a knighthood
- The boss of Marks and Spencer's has warned that customers "may never shop the same way again"
- Outsourcing firm Serco has apologised after accidentally sharing the email addresses of almost 300 contact tracers.
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2020-05-20 14:26:15Z
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