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Conservative Owen Paterson has avoided punishment for now as the government ordered its MPs to back a review of standards investigations.
The result of the vote was met with cries of "shame" from opposition MPs.
Mr Paterson was found to have misused his position as an MP to benefit two companies he worked for.
But he said the probe into his conduct had been unfair - and the government backed plans by his allies to overhaul the system.
Labour, the SNP and Lib Dems voted against the plans, along with 13 Conservative MPs, but it was carried by 18 votes after a heated Commons debate.
Responding to the result, Mr Paterson said: "All I have ever asked is to have the opportunity to make my case through a fair process.
"After two years of hell, I now have the opportunity to clear my name."
Labour's deputy leader Angela Rayner accused the Conservatives of being "rotten to the core" and called the move an "absolute disgrace".
She said Labour would "not be taking any part in this sham process or any corrupt committee", with the SNP and Lib Dems also saying they would boycott the overhaul.
The controversy comes after Parliamentary Standards Commissioner Kathryn Stone recommended Mr Paterson be suspended from the Commons for 30 days, following a damning report into his conduct by a committee of MPs.
The report said the former Northern Ireland secretary had breached Commons rules by lobbying government bodies about Randox and Lynn's Country Foods, which employed him as a paid consultant.
At Prime Minister's Questions, Boris Johnson said MPs found to have broken the rules should get a right of appeal, as would happen with doctors and teachers found guilty of misconduct.
But the SNP's Pete Wishart accused the government of "attempting to turn back the clock to the worst examples of 1990s Tory sleaze".
Ahead of the vote, the committee's Labour chairman Chris Bryant told MPs Mr Paterson had lobbied ministers "time and again, in a way that conferred a direct benefit on his paying clients".
"That is expressly forbidden. It is a corrupt practice," he added.
He said Mr Paterson had been given "every opportunity" to put his case across - and his arguments had been heard "respectfully and fairly".
Every MP who backed today's move can expect to have it used against them on political leaflets or Facebook campaigns.
There could be serious consequences in Parliament if the opposition parties decide to use this moment to withdraw cooperation on other committees or ways of working.
Some ministers already fear this is an episode that Downing Street may come to regret.
Owen Paterson is adamant that he did nothing wrong, and has been denied natural justice.
But with this Tory response, voters may well come to wonder, what's fair about this?
The Commons standards committee found that the North Shropshire MP had used his parliamentary office on 16 occasions for meetings relating to his outside business interests and sent two letters relating to business interests on House of Commons-headed notepaper.
It described the MP's actions as "an egregious case of paid advocacy".
However Mr Paterson, a former Northern Ireland secretary, denied any wrongdoing, and argued his approaches had been within the rules because he was seeking to alert ministers to defects in safety regulations.
He said the investigation had "a major contributory factor" in the death of his wife, Rose, who took her own life last year.
He claimed he had been pronounced guilty "without being spoken to" and that "no proper investigation was undertaken".
On Wednesday, MPs debated whether the recommended 30-day suspension for Mr Paterson should be enforced, with allies of Mr Paterson proposing a new committee to look at how investigations are carried out.
The prime minister backed the proposed shake-up of the rules and ordered his MPs to vote for MP Andrea Leadsom's motion, ensuring it was carried.
However, 13 Conservatives voted against the amendment, while 98 had no vote recorded - either by a deliberate abstention or because they were not able to vote.
Aaron Bell - a Tory who opposed the amendment - said the proposals made it look "like we're moving the goalposts" and that any reform of the rules needed support across the Commons.
Liberal Democrat chief whip Wendy Chamberlain described the amendment as a "stitch-up", adding: "You expect in a tin-pot dictatorship, not the home of parliamentary democracy."
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2021-11-03 17:42:49Z
CBMiL2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmJiYy5jby51ay9uZXdzL3VrLXBvbGl0aWNzLTU5MTU0MjIx0gEzaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmJjLmNvLnVrL25ld3MvdWstcG9saXRpY3MtNTkxNTQyMjEuYW1w
